Java Design Patterns

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或称 ​

注册模式

目的 ​

保证一个类只有有限个实例并且提供一个全局的访问点来访问。

解释 ​

真实世界例子

纳兹古尔, 也被叫做戒灵或者九骑士,是索伦最可怕的仆从。通过定义，他们总是有九个。

通俗的说

多例模式确保了有预定义数量的在全局可用的实例。

维基百科说

在软件工程中，多例模式是对单例模式的推广。单例模式只允许类的一个实例被创建，而多例模式允许有控制地创建多个实例，并通过映射表来管理。

程序示例

Nazgul 是多例类。

java
public enum NazgulName {

  KHAMUL, MURAZOR, DWAR, JI_INDUR, AKHORAHIL, HOARMURATH, ADUNAPHEL, REN, UVATHA
}

public final class Nazgul {

  private static final Map<NazgulName, Nazgul> nazguls;

  private final NazgulName name;

  static {
    nazguls = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
    nazguls.put(NazgulName.KHAMUL, new Nazgul(NazgulName.KHAMUL));
    nazguls.put(NazgulName.MURAZOR, new Nazgul(NazgulName.MURAZOR));
    nazguls.put(NazgulName.DWAR, new Nazgul(NazgulName.DWAR));
    nazguls.put(NazgulName.JI_INDUR, new Nazgul(NazgulName.JI_INDUR));
    nazguls.put(NazgulName.AKHORAHIL, new Nazgul(NazgulName.AKHORAHIL));
    nazguls.put(NazgulName.HOARMURATH, new Nazgul(NazgulName.HOARMURATH));
    nazguls.put(NazgulName.ADUNAPHEL, new Nazgul(NazgulName.ADUNAPHEL));
    nazguls.put(NazgulName.REN, new Nazgul(NazgulName.REN));
    nazguls.put(NazgulName.UVATHA, new Nazgul(NazgulName.UVATHA));
  }

  private Nazgul(NazgulName name) {
    this.name = name;
  }

  public static Nazgul getInstance(NazgulName name) {
    return nazguls.get(name);
  }

  public NazgulName getName() {
    return name;
  }
}

这里显示如何访问Nazgul实例。

java
// eagerly initialized multiton
LOGGER.info("Printing out eagerly initialized multiton contents");
LOGGER.info("KHAMUL={}", Nazgul.getInstance(NazgulName.KHAMUL));
LOGGER.info("MURAZOR={}", Nazgul.getInstance(NazgulName.MURAZOR));
LOGGER.info("DWAR={}", Nazgul.getInstance(NazgulName.DWAR));
LOGGER.info("JI_INDUR={}", Nazgul.getInstance(NazgulName.JI_INDUR));
LOGGER.info("AKHORAHIL={}", Nazgul.getInstance(NazgulName.AKHORAHIL));
LOGGER.info("HOARMURATH={}", Nazgul.getInstance(NazgulName.HOARMURATH));
LOGGER.info("ADUNAPHEL={}", Nazgul.getInstance(NazgulName.ADUNAPHEL));
LOGGER.info("REN={}", Nazgul.getInstance(NazgulName.REN));
LOGGER.info("UVATHA={}", Nazgul.getInstance(NazgulName.UVATHA));

// enum multiton
LOGGER.info("Printing out enum-based multiton contents");
LOGGER.info("KHAMUL={}", NazgulEnum.KHAMUL);
LOGGER.info("MURAZOR={}", NazgulEnum.MURAZOR);
LOGGER.info("DWAR={}", NazgulEnum.DWAR);
LOGGER.info("JI_INDUR={}", NazgulEnum.JI_INDUR);
LOGGER.info("AKHORAHIL={}", NazgulEnum.AKHORAHIL);
LOGGER.info("HOARMURATH={}", NazgulEnum.HOARMURATH);
LOGGER.info("ADUNAPHEL={}", NazgulEnum.ADUNAPHEL);
LOGGER.info("REN={}", NazgulEnum.REN);
LOGGER.info("UVATHA={}", NazgulEnum.UVATHA);

程序输出：

20:35:07.413 [main] INFO com.iluwatar.multiton.App - Printing out eagerly initialized multiton contents
20:35:07.417 [main] INFO com.iluwatar.multiton.App - KHAMUL=com.iluwatar.multiton.Nazgul@48cf768c
20:35:07.419 [main] INFO com.iluwatar.multiton.App - MURAZOR=com.iluwatar.multiton.Nazgul@7960847b
20:35:07.419 [main] INFO com.iluwatar.multiton.App - DWAR=com.iluwatar.multiton.Nazgul@6a6824be
20:35:07.419 [main] INFO com.iluwatar.multiton.App - JI_INDUR=com.iluwatar.multiton.Nazgul@5c8da962
20:35:07.419 [main] INFO com.iluwatar.multiton.App - AKHORAHIL=com.iluwatar.multiton.Nazgul@512ddf17
20:35:07.419 [main] INFO com.iluwatar.multiton.App - HOARMURATH=com.iluwatar.multiton.Nazgul@2c13da15
20:35:07.419 [main] INFO com.iluwatar.multiton.App - ADUNAPHEL=com.iluwatar.multiton.Nazgul@77556fd
20:35:07.419 [main] INFO com.iluwatar.multiton.App - REN=com.iluwatar.multiton.Nazgul@368239c8
20:35:07.420 [main] INFO com.iluwatar.multiton.App - UVATHA=com.iluwatar.multiton.Nazgul@9e89d68
20:35:07.420 [main] INFO com.iluwatar.multiton.App - Printing out enum-based multiton contents
20:35:07.420 [main] INFO com.iluwatar.multiton.App - KHAMUL=KHAMUL
20:35:07.420 [main] INFO com.iluwatar.multiton.App - MURAZOR=MURAZOR
20:35:07.420 [main] INFO com.iluwatar.multiton.App - DWAR=DWAR
20:35:07.420 [main] INFO com.iluwatar.multiton.App - JI_INDUR=JI_INDUR
20:35:07.421 [main] INFO com.iluwatar.multiton.App - AKHORAHIL=AKHORAHIL
20:35:07.421 [main] INFO com.iluwatar.multiton.App - HOARMURATH=HOARMURATH
20:35:07.421 [main] INFO com.iluwatar.multiton.App - ADUNAPHEL=ADUNAPHEL
20:35:07.421 [main] INFO com.iluwatar.multiton.App - REN=REN
20:35:07.421 [main] INFO com.iluwatar.multiton.App - UVATHA=UVATHA

类图 ​

alt text

适用性 ​

使用多例模式当你想

  • 类有确定的实例数量，并且它们可以被用户通过一个周知的访问点访问。 ​